Researchers from Canada performed a retrospective review to evaluate the value of mammography in detecting breast cancer in high-risk women undergoing screening breast MR imaging.

The researchers evaluated 3,934 screening studies (1,977 screening MR imaging examinations and 1,957 screening mammograms) performed in 1,249 high-risk women. The performance measures included recall and cancer detection rates, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated for both mammography and MR imaging.

The results showed a total of 45 cancers (33 invasive and 12 ductal carcinomas in situ) were diagnosed. Forty-three were seen with MR imaging and 14 with both mammography and MR imaging.

The researchers concluded that contemporaneous screening mammography did not add value in detection of breast cancer for women who undergo screening MR imaging. Routine use of screening mammography in women undergoing screening breast MR imaging warrants reconsideration, they wrote.

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Your doctor might ask for a breast MRI in addition to other tests, such as an ultrasound. But, the MRI has some advantages over other tests.

What Are the Benefits of a Breast MRI?

With any test, the benefits need to outweigh the safety risk. So, it’s best you know ahead of time how a breast MRI can benefit you, as well as if there is any risk. First, let’s look at the benefits, which are numerous.

The benefits of a breast MRI include the following:

• There is no radiation involved with a breast MRI, making it a more reasonable test for those who are at a higher risk of breast cancer. When the breast is exposed to radiation several times over the years, it will increase the odds of developing the cancer the test is screening for in the first place.
• A breast MRI is more sensitive than other tests when it comes to detecting some earlier stages of breast cancer. Although, it can also result in false positive testing.
• The MRI will be able to show abnormalities in breast with dense tissue, commonly found in younger females, or post-menapausal. This makes it more effective than a mammogram.
• Since breast implants will likely obscure viewing during a mammography, the breast MRI is more effective because of its ability to view the surrounding tissue in cross-section.
• If a breast implant has ruptured, the breast MRI will be able to detect it, far better than a mammography or ultrasound.
• A breast MRI study has the ability to exclude many forms of breast cancer, whereas mammography and ultrasound does not.
• It has more accuracy in establishing the size of the cancer, and also determining if there are more tumors within the breast. With this information, the doctor can better advise on which type of surgery is necessary, which helps reduce the chance of unnecessary removal of the breast, or missing some cancerous tissue.
• The breast MRI can be an effective way to determine if your course of treatment is working. If the doctor knows early that the treatment is not effective, they can start you on something different sooner.
• Post treatment and surgery, the breast can develop scar tissue, and a breast MRI can pick up new tumors or abnormalities through the scar tissue, better than other testing.

A breast MRI has many benefits, even though it’s not in place of other tests. You might still need other forms of testing. But, how safe is this test?

To schedule Breast MRI exam please call us at (248) 740-0777.

A breast MRI should not be performed to determine if the tissue is non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). When an abnormality is found, a breast biopsy should be done to test the suspicious tissue.

Keep in mind, there can be false positive test results. And, a breast MRI cannot effectively detect small flecks of microcalcifications (calcium). These microcalcifcations account for nearly half of all cancers that mammography will detect.

To schedule Breast MRI exam please call us at (248) 740-0777.

If you are currently taking a hormone replacement therapy, you must stop the treatment about 4-6 weeks prior to the test.

Breastfeeding does not preclude you from having a breast MRI, because the baby will absorb less than 1% of the contrast. This is no more than what the baby would receive if they were having the test done themselves. Of course, it’s a personal decision, but you are not required to stop breastfeeding prior to the test.

One other thing you can do prior to the scan, is to gather and bring with you any previous reports or tests on the breast, including mammograms, biopsies, and ultrasounds. The doctor who will be reading your MRI will be able to use them to interpret and evaluate the current condition of the breast tissue.

You do not have to fast before the test, nor stop any other medications, other than HRT. Other than that, and bringing previous reports, there are no special preparation steps to abide by before having a breast MRI.

Relatively new, a breast MRI is an exceptionally specialized test that utilizes a powerful magnet to capture hundreds of images within the breast. Typically, a non-radioactive contrast dye called gadolinium is injected intravenously prior to the start of the procedure, to help create sharper images. This helps in outlining any abnormality that might be present, because the dye tends to gravitate to abnormal tissue. However, a dye isn’t always used, especially if the patient has a sensitivity to iodine.

The patient is then required to remain still, while they are on a sliding table, which goes through a large enclosed tube, shaped like a cylinder. A patient should prepare for this test to run for about 45 minutes, once they are appropriately prepped.

The accelerated MRI was as good as regular MRI for detecting 11 invasive breast cancers that had escaped detection on regular mammography, report Christiane A. Kuhl, MD, and colleagues from the University Hospital of Aachen in Bonn, Germany.

“MRI is the technique of the future [for screening]. Ionizing radiation is not involved. Compared with digital mammography, it is highly sensitive, and overdiagnosis is less of a problem, contrary to current notions,” Dr. Kuhl told Medscape Medical News.

Dr. Kuhl’s team “stripped down MRI to the essential part that makes for fast acquisition,” she explained. For the 3-minute protocol, the radiologist reads the first postcontrast subtracted (FAST) and maximum-intensity projection images; for the full diagnostic protocol, all the images are read.

The screening accuracy of the accelerated MRI is similar to that of a full diagnostic MRI, she added.

“A Huge Step Forward”

The accelerated protocol “is a huge step forward in breast cancer screening,” writes Elizabeth A. Morris, MD, chief of breast imaging services at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, in an accompanying editorial. “Data clearly demonstrate that FAST breast MRI could be the standard for breast cancer screening: it is safe, does not induce cancers, and can find more cancers than mammography,” she explains.

“Although this protocol is likely not appropriate for diagnostic studies, by doing this in the screening setting [the team] achieved a high detection rate without a high false-positive rate, the hallmarks of a quality screening test,” Dr. Morris writes. The negative predictive value was 99.8%.

The Accelerated Protocol

Dr. Kuhl, a radiologist with 20 years of experience, was struck by the fact that early images were best for detection purposes. “The early phase after injection of the contrast agent is best suited to visualize enhancements; other images are used to characterize enhancing structures. That’s why the accelerated protocol is appropriate for screening and not diagnostic purposes,” she noted.

The study consisted of 443 asymptomatic women at mild to moderate risk for breast cancer. They had all undergone digital mammography, and the women with dense or extremely dense breasts had also undergone ultrasound screening, all with negative results.

The women then underwent MRI screening, which identified 11 breast cancers — 7 invasive cancers and 4 ductal carcinoma in situ. The identification of these 11 cancers provided an additional cancer yield of 18.3 per 1000.

Are We Ready to Incorporate MRI Into Breast Cancer Screening?

“This is an extremely important study that reported a significant yield from FAST MRI screening even after mammography and ultrasound,” said Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, professor of radiology at the Magee-Women’s Hospital of UPMC at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Dr. Berg was involved in the ACRIN 6666 trial (JAMA. 2012;307:1394-1404), which also showed that MRI detected breast cancer that was not picked up on mammography. “We showed, in ACRIN 6666, that MRI detected another 15 cancers per 1000, even after mammography and ultrasound. Dr. Kuhl’s study showed a similar yield for MRI, even in low-risk women and across all breast densities,” she told Medscape Medical News.

However, it is important to reproduce these results at other centers with other experienced readers, Dr. Berg said.

Dr. Morris agreed, noting that “we do not want a lot of false positives.” FAST MRI has a sensitivity of 94.4%, compared with the full diagnostic protocol, she reported, and fewer false positives (33 vs 35).

“FAST MRI will be reader-dependent. With a less-experienced reader, there will be a higher call back rate,” Dr. Morris said.

Reader expertise provides quality assurance, Dr. Kuhl told Medscape Medical News. With a very short acquisition time, a very short reader time (less than 30 seconds), and an expert reader, it works well and is ready to be used as a screening tool, she said.

What’s Holding Us Back?

Is the accelerated MRI protocol ready for clinical practice?

The radiologists interviewed by Medscape Medical News are impressed, and all indicated that MRI is better than the other methods of breast screening. However, they all agree that the results obtained in this study must first be replicated.

On the basis of data disseminated at meetings, some cancer centers in the United States are already offering accelerated MRI for breast cancer screening, Dr. Berg told Medscape Medical News. She noted that both the University of Pittsburgh-UPMC and New York University are looking at existing cases, reprocessing the initial images, and comparing accelerated MRI results with those of the full diagnostic protocol.

“What’s needed is a clinical trial,” said Dr. Morris.

In fact, the ECOG-ACRIN accelerated MRI trial — designed by Dr. Kuhl, Christopher Comstock, MD, from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Gillian Newstead, MD, from the University of Chicago — is awaiting funding.

Dr. Morris noted that “compared with existing screening tests, MRI is less patient-friendly and requires intravenous contrast injection.” What might help is MRI scanners dedicated to the breast, she said.

Cost is another issue holding MRI screening back from use in the general population. Currently, MRI is indicated for women with dense breasts and those at high risk for breast cancer; even then it is ordered after mammography. With a view to making MRI screening readily available, some centers in the United States are currently offering FAST MRI for $350, Dr. Berg noted.

The accelerated protocol might bring the costs down because it means less time on the scanner, so more women can be screened over the same period of time

For certain women at high risk for breast cancer, screening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended along with a yearly mammogram. MRI is not generally recommended as a screening tool by itself, because although it is a sensitive test, it may still miss some cancers that mammograms would detect. MRI may also be used in other situations, such as to better examine suspicious areas found by a mammogram. MRI can also be used in women who have already been diagnosed with breast cancer to better determine the actual size of the cancer and to look for any other cancers in the breast.

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRI scans use magnets and radio waves instead of x-rays to produce very detailed, cross-sectional images of the body. The most useful MRI exams for breast imaging use a contrast material (called gadolinium) that is injected into a catheter in a vein (IV) in the arm before or during the exam. This improves the ability of the MRI to clearly show breast tissue details.

Although MRI is more sensitive in detecting cancers than mammograms, it is more likely to find something that turns out not to be cancer (called a false positive).False-positive findings have to be checked out to know that cancer isn’t present, which means coming back for further tests and/or biopsies. This is why MRI is not recommended as a screening test for women at average risk of breast cancer, as it would result in unneeded biopsies and other tests in a large portion of these women.

Just as mammography uses x-ray machines that are specially designed to image the breasts, breast MRI also requires special equipment. Breast MRI machines produce higher quality images of the breast than MRI machines designed for head, chest, or abdominal MRI scanning. However, not all hospitals and imaging centers have dedicated breast MRI equipment available. It is also important that screening MRIs be done at facilities that can perform an MRI-guided breast biopsy. Otherwise, the entire scan will need to be repeated at another facility when the biopsy is done.

MRI is more expensive than mammography. Most insurance that pays for mammogram screening also will probably pay for MRI for screening tests if a woman can be shown to be at high risk, but it’s a good idea to check first with your insurance company before having the test. It can help to go to a center with a high-risk clinic, where the staff can help getting approval for breast MRIs.

What to expect when you get a breast MRI

MRI scans can take a long time—often up to an hour. For a breast MRI, you have to lie inside a narrow tube, face down, on a platform specially designed for the procedure. The platform has openings for each breast that allow them to be imaged without being compressed. The platform contains the sensors needed to capture the MRI image. It is important to stay very still throughout the exam.

Lying in the tube can feel confining and may upset people with claustrophobia (a fear of enclosed spaces). The machine also makes loud buzzing and clicking noises that you might find disturbing. Some places will give you headphones with music to block this noise out.

What are BRCA1 and BRCA2?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA and, therefore, play a role in ensuring the stability of the cell’s genetic material. When either of these genes is mutated, or altered, such that its protein product is not made or does not function correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired properly.

As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer. Specific inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of female breast and ovarian cancers, and they have been associated with increased risks of several additional types of cancer. Together, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 20% to 25% of hereditary breast cancers¹ and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers.² In addition, mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for around 15% of ovarian cancers overall.³

Breast cancers associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations tend to develop at younger ages than sporadic breast cancers. A harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation can be inherited from a person’s mother or father. Each child of a parent who carries a mutation in one of these genes has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. The effects of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are seen even when a person’s second copy of the gene is normal.

How much does having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation increase a woman’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

A woman’s lifetime risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer is greatly increased if she inherits a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Breast cancer: About 12% of women in the general population will develop breast cancer sometime during their lives.⁴ By contrast, according to the most recent estimates, 55% to 65% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 mutation and around 45% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 years.^5,6

Ovarian cancer: About 1.4% of women in the general population will develop ovarian cancer sometime during their lives.⁴ By contrast, according to the most recent estimates, 39% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 mutation^5,6 and 11% to 17% of women who inherit a harmful BRCA2 mutation will develop ovarian cancer by age 70 years.^5,6

It is important to note that these estimated percentages of lifetime risk are different from those available previously; the estimates have changed as more information has become available, and they may change again with additional research. No long-term general population studies have directly compared cancer risk in women who have and do not have a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

It is also important to note that other characteristics of a particular woman can make her risk higher or lower than the average risks. These characteristics include her family history of breast, ovarian, and, possibly, other cancers; the specific mutation(s) she has inherited; and other risk factors, such as her reproductive history. However, none of these other factors is as strong as the effect of carrying a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

What other cancers have been linked to mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Harmful BRCA1 mutations may increase a woman’s risk of developing fallopian tube cancer and peritoneal cancer.^7,8 Men with BRCA2 mutations, and to a lesser extent BRCA1 mutations, are also at increased risk of breast cancer.⁹ Men with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a higher risk of prostate cancer.¹⁰ Men and women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations may be at increased risk of pancreatic cancer.¹⁰

Do inherited mutations in other genes increase the risk of breast and/or ovarian tumors?

Yes. Mutations in a number of other genes have been associated with increased risks of breast and/or ovarian cancers.^2,12 These other genes include several that are associated with inherited disorders, such as Lynch syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, that increase the risk of many cancer types. However, in nearly half of families with multiple cases of breast cancer and in up to 90 percent of families with both breast and ovarian cancer, their disease is caused by harmful mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2.

Are mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 more common in certain racial/ethnic populations than others?

Yes. People of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher prevalence of harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations than people in the general population. Other ethnic and geographic populations around the world, such as the Norwegian, Dutch, and Icelandic peoples, also have higher prevalences of specific harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. In addition, limited data indicate that the prevalence of specific harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may vary among individual racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and non-Hispanic whites.^13,14

Are genetic tests available to detect BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Yes. Several different tests are available, including tests that look for a known mutation in one of the genes (i.e., a mutation that has already been identified in another family member) and tests that check for all possible mutations in both genes. DNA (from a blood or saliva sample) is needed for mutation testing. The sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. It usually takes about a month to get the test results.

Who should consider genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Because harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are relatively rare in the general population, most experts agree that mutation testing of individuals who do not have cancer should be performed only when the person’s family history suggests the possible presence of a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The likelihood of a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 is increased with certain familial patterns of cancer. These patterns include the following¹⁵:

• Multiple breast and/or ovarian cancers within a family (often diagnosed at an early age)
• Two or more primary cancers in a single family member (more than one breast cancer, or breast and ovarian cancer)
• Cases of male breast cancer

In a family with one of these cancer history patterns, it may be most informative to first test a family member who has breast or ovarian cancer if that person is still alive and willing to be tested. If that person is found to have a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, then other family members may want to consider genetic counseling to learn more about their potential risks and whether genetic testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 might be appropriate for them.

Even if it is not possible to confirm the presence of a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in a family member who has cancer, women with a family medical history that suggests the presence of such a mutation may also want to consider genetic counseling and possible testing. Several professional organizations and expert groups, such as the United States Preventive Services Task Force, have developed clinical criteria that can be helpful to health care providers in identifying individuals for whom BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation testing may be appropriate.¹⁵

Some women—for example, those who were adopted at birth—may not know their family history. If a woman with an unknown family history has an early-onset breast cancer or ovarian cancer, it may be reasonable for her to consider genetic testing for a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Women with an unknown family history and who do not have an early-onset cancer, even if they think they have an Ashkenazi Jewish background, are at very low risk of having a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and are unlikely to benefit from genetic testing.

Professional societies do not recommend that children, even those with a family history suggestive of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, undergo genetic testing. This is because no risk-reduction strategies for children exist, and their risk of developing a cancer type associated with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is extremely low. After they become adults, however, they may want to obtain genetic counseling about whether or not to undergoing genetic testing.

Should people considering genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations talk with a genetic counselor?

Genetic counseling is generally recommended before and after any genetic test for an inherited cancer syndrome. This counseling should be performed by a health care professional who is experienced in cancer genetics. Genetic counseling usually covers many aspects of the testing process, including:

• A hereditary cancer risk assessment based on an individual’s personal and family medical history
• Discussion of:
  • The appropriateness of genetic testing
  • The medical implications of a positive or a negative test result
  • The possibility that a test result might not be informative (see Question 12)
  • The psychological risks and benefits of genetic test results
  • The risk of passing a mutation to children
• Explanation of the specific test(s) that might be used and the technical accuracy of the test(s)

How much does BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing cost?

The cost for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing usually ranges from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Insurance policies vary with regard to whether or not the cost is covered. People considering BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing may want to find out about their insurance coverage for genetic tests before having the test. Some of the genetic testing companies that offer testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may offer testing at no charge to patients who lack insurance and meet specific financial and medical criteria.

What does a positive BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic test result mean?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation testing can give several possible results: a positive result, a negative result, or an ambiguous or uncertain result. A positive test result indicates that a person has inherited a known harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 and, therefore, has an increased risk of developing certain cancers. However, a positive test result cannot tell whether an individual will actually develop cancer or when.

Many women who inherit a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation will never develop breast or ovarian cancer. A positive genetic test result may also have important health and social implications for family members (see Question 15), including future generations. Unlike most other medical tests, genetic tests can reveal information not only about the person being tested but also about that person’s relatives:

• Both men and women who inherit harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, whether or not they develop cancer themselves, may pass the mutations on to their sons and daughters. Each child has a 50% chance of inheriting a parent’s mutation.
• If a person learns that he or she has inherited a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, this will mean that each of his or her siblings has a 50 percent chance of having inherited the mutation as well.

What does a negative BRCA1 or BRCA2 test result mean?

A negative test result can be more difficult to understand than a positive result because what the result means depends in part on an individual’s family history of cancer. If a close (first- or second-degree) relative of the tested person is known to carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, a negative test result is clear: it means that person does not carry the harmful mutation and cannot pass it on to their children. Such a test result is called a “true negative.”

A person with such a test result has the same risk of cancer as someone in the general population. If the tested person has a family history that suggests the possibility of having a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 but no such mutation has been identified in the family, a negative result is less clear. The likelihood that genetic testing will miss a known harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is very low, but it could happen.

Moreover, scientists continue to discover new BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and have not yet identified all potentially harmful ones. Therefore, it is possible that a person in this scenario with a negative test result actually has an as-yet unknown harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation that has not been identified. It is also possible for people to have a mutation in a gene other than BRCA1 or BRCA2 that increases their cancer risk but is not detectable by the test used. People considering genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may want to discuss these potential uncertainties with a genetic counselor before undergoing testing (see Question 8).

What does an ambiguous BRCA1 or BRCA2 test result mean?

Sometimes, a genetic test finds a change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 that has not been previously associated with cancer. This type of test result may be described as “ambiguous” (often referred to as “a genetic variant of uncertain significance”) because it isn’t known whether the gene change affects a person’s risk of developing cancer.

One study found that 10% of women who underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing had this type of ambiguous result.¹⁶ As more research is conducted and more people are tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, scientists will learn more about these changes and cancer risk. Genetic counseling can help a person understand what an ambiguous change in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may mean in terms of cancer risk.

How can a person who has a positive test result manage their risk of cancer?

Several options are available for managing cancer risk in individuals who have a known harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. These include enhanced screening, prophylactic (risk-reducing) surgery, and chemoprevention.

Enhanced Screening. Some women who test positive for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations may choose to start screening at younger ages than the general population or have more frequent screening. For example, some experts recommend that women who carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation undergo clinical breast examinations beginning at age 25 to 35 years.¹⁷ And some expert groups recommend that women who carry such a mutation have a mammogram every year, beginning at age 25 to 35 years.

Enhanced screening may increase the chance of detecting breast cancer at an early stage, when it may have a better chance of being treated successfully. However, women who carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 may be more likely to develop radiation-associated breast cancer than women in the general population because those genes are involved in the repair of DNA breaks, which can be caused by exposure to radiation.

Women who have a positive test result should ask their health care provider about the risks of diagnostic tests that involve radiation (mammograms or x-rays). Recent studies have shown that MRI may be more sensitive than mammography for women at high risk of breast cancer.^18,19 However, mammography can identify some breast cancers that are not identified by MRI (20), and MRI may be less specific (i.e., lead to more false-positive results) than mammography. Several organizations, such as the American Cancer Society and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, now recommend annual screening with mammography and MRI for women who have a high risk of breast cancer.

No effective methods of ovarian cancer screening currently exist. Some groups recommend transvaginal ultrasound examinations, blood tests for the antigen CA-125, and clinical examinations for ovarian cancer screening in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, but none of these methods appears to detect ovarian tumors at an early enough stage to reduce the risk of dying from ovarian cancer.²¹ The benefits of screening for breast and other cancers in men who carry harmful mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 is also not known, but some expert groups recommend that men who are known to carry a harmful mutation undergo regular mammography as well as testing for prostate cancer.

Prophylactic (Risk-reducing) Surgery. Prophylactic surgery involves removing as much of the “at-risk” tissue as possible. Women may choose to have both breasts removed (bilateral prophylactic mastectomy) to reduce their risk of breast cancer. Surgery to remove a woman’s ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy) can help reduce her risk of ovarian cancer.

Removing the ovaries also reduces the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women by eliminating a source of hormones that can fuel the growth of some types of breast cancer. No evidence is available regarding the effectiveness of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in reducing breast cancer risk in men with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation or a family history of breast cancer. Therefore, bilateral prophylactic mastectomy for men at high risk of breast cancer is considered an experimental procedure, and insurance companies will not normally cover it.

Prophylactic surgery does not completely guarantee that cancer will not develop because not all at-risk tissue can be removed by these procedures. Some women have developed breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or primary peritoneal carcinomatosis (a type of cancer similar to ovarian cancer) even after prophylactic surgery. Nevertheless, the mortality reduction associated with this surgery is substantial: one study showed that women who underwent bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy had a nearly 80% reduction in risk of dying from ovarian cancer and a more than 50% reduction in risk of dying from breast cancer.²²

Some evidence suggests that the amount of protection that removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes provides against the development of breast and ovarian cancer may differ between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.²³

Chemoprevention. Chemoprevention is the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the recurrence of, cancer. Although two chemopreventive drugs (tamoxifen and raloxifene) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women at increased risk, the role of these drugs in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is not yet clear.

Data from three studies suggest that tamoxifen may be able to help lower the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers²⁴, including the risk of cancer in the opposite breast among women previously diagnosed with breast cancer.^25,26 Studies have not examined the effectiveness of raloxifene in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers specifically. Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) may lower the risk of ovarian cancer in women with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.²⁷

What are some of the benefits of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk?

There can be benefits to genetic testing, regardless of whether a person receives a positive or a negative result. The potential benefits of a negative result include a sense of relief and the possibility that special checkups, tests, or preventive surgeries may not be needed. A positive test result can bring relief from uncertainty and allow people to make informed decisions about their future, including taking steps to reduce their cancer risk. In addition, people who have a positive test result may be able to participate in medical research that could, in the long run, help reduce deaths from breast and ovarian cancer (see Question 17).

What are some of the risks of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk?

The direct medical risks, or harms, of genetic testing are minimal, but knowledge of test results may have harmful effects on a person’s emotions, social relationships, finances, and medical choices. People who receive a positive test result may feel anxious, depressed, or angry. They may have difficulty making choices about whether to have preventive surgery or about which surgery to have. People who receive a negative test result may experience “survivor guilt,” caused by the knowledge that they likely do not have an increased risk of developing a disease that affects one or more loved ones.

Because genetic testing can reveal information about more than one family member, the emotions caused by test results can create tension within families. Test results can also affect personal choices, such as decisions about marriage and childbearing. Violations of privacy and of the confidentiality of genetic test results are additional potential risks. However, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and various state laws protect the privacy of a person’s genetic information.

Moreover, the federal Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, along with many state laws, prohibits discrimination based on genetic information in relation to health insurance and employment, although it does not cover life insurance, disability insurance, or long-term care insurance. Finally, there is a small chance that test results may not be accurate, leading people to make decisions based on incorrect information. Although inaccurate results are unlikely, people with these concerns should bring them up during genetic counseling.

What are the implications of having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation for breast and ovarian cancer prognosis and treatment?

A number of studies have investigated possible differences between breast and ovarian cancers that are associated with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and cancers that are not associated with these mutations. There is some evidence that, over the long term, women who carry these mutations are more likely to develop a second cancer in both the same (ipsilateral) breast and the opposite (contralateral) breast than women who do not carry these mutations.

Thus, some women with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who develop breast cancer in one breast opt for a bilateral mastectomy, even if they would otherwise be candidates for breast-conserving surgery. In fact, because of the increased risk of a second breast cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, some doctors recommend that women with early-onset breast cancer and those whose family history is consistent with a mutation in one of these genes have genetic testing at diagnosis.

Breast cancers in women with a harmful BRCA1 mutation are also more likely to be triple-negative cancers, and these cancers generally have poorer prognosis than other breast cancers. However, one study found that, among women with ovarian cancer, those with a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation were more likely to survive for 5 years than those without such a mutation. The outcomes were best among women with a BRCA2 mutation.²⁸

Because the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are involved in DNA repair, some investigators have suggested that cancer cells with a harmful mutation in either of these genes may be more sensitive to anticancer agents that act by damaging DNA, such as cisplatin. In preclinical studies, drugs called PARP inhibitors, which block the repair of DNA damage, have been found to arrest the growth of cancer cells that have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. These drugs have also shown some activity in cancer patients who carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and researchers are continuing to develop and test these drugs.

What research is currently being done to help individuals with harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations?

Research studies are being conducted to find new and better ways of detecting, treating, and preventing cancer in people who carry mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Additional studies are focused on improving genetic counseling methods and outcomes. Our knowledge in these areas is evolving rapidly. Information about active clinical trials (research studies with people) for individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is available on NCI’s website. The following links will retrieve lists of clinical trials open to individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

• BRCA1 mutation carriers
• BRCA2 mutation carriers

NCI’s Cancer Information Service (CIS) can also provide information about clinical trials and help with clinical trial searches.

Original Article

Breast MRIs are recommended as a way to screen for breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease (those whose lifetime breast cancer risk is greater than 20 percent), in conjunction with yearly mammograms. MRIs are also used to diagnose breast cancer, but this is not recommended, particularly before a biopsy is performed.

A new study finds that the use of breast MRIs in the United States nearly tripled in recent years: from 42 exams per 10,000 women in 2005, to 115 exams per 10,000 women in 2009.

In a trend that the researchers called an improvement, the use of MRIs to diagnose breast cancer decreased. These MRIs accounted for 53 percent of breast MRIs in 2005, but only 35 percent in 2009.

Meanwhile, the use of MRIs to screen for breast cancer increased during the study period, from 18 percent to 34 percent.

Among women who were screened for breast cancer with an MRI, the percentage at high risk for breast cancer (who could gain the most benefit from the procedure) also increased, from 9 percent to 29 percent over the study period.

However, overall, less than 5 percent of women with a lifetime risk of breast cancer greater than 20 percent received a screening MRI, the study found.

And about half of women who did receive a screening MRI had a less than 15 percent chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetimes, meaning they were at average risk for the disease, and not recommended to have an MRI.

The findings suggest that more work is needed to ensure that breast MRIs are used appropriately, the researchers said.

Breast MRIs are good at detecting breast cancer, but have a high false-positive rate, meaning not all women with a positive result on a breast MRI will actually have the disease. Women with false-positive breast MRIs may undergo a number of additional tests that are not necessary, the researchers said.

Breast MRIs are also expensive, ranging from about $800 to more than $1,600, compared to $300 for a mammogram, according to Medicare and Medicaid data.

Some women in Wernli’s study may have qualified for MRIs for other reasons, such as prior radiation to the chest, which the study was not able to take into account.

There is still a lot of research to be done to determine who benefits the most from breast MRI, Wernli said. For instance, there is no consensus about the use of breast MRI to follow women after they have been treated for breast cancer.